#human-rights (1 article)

Civic Proof Inclusion Rights: Alternative Paths Without a Wallet

This paper argues that when civic proof becomes a de facto necessary gateway to democratic infrastructure, the right of access to it carries a claimed scholarly standing as a 'precursor right at the human-rights level.' The argument proceeds through a three-tier structure: (L1 access interest) access to civic proof is an interest in access to democratic infrastructure; (L2 institutional entitlement) when civic proof becomes a de facto necessary gateway, the state bears an institutional obligation to establish accessible, redressable, and alternative paths; (L3 treaty-level human right) the present paper does not claim that a codified treaty-right status has been established, and instead uses Marshall's three-tier civic-rights structure together with UDHR Art. 6 / ICCPR Art. 16 legal personhood rights as analogical anchors. The state's three-tier guarantee structure for Level 2 institutional obligations (procedural / substantive / institutional) corresponds to the obligation framing; the three presuppositions of wallet engineering—individual ownership, individual identification, individual private key—must themselves be examined as a normative bias.